Using the Globe Study to Explain How Culture Affects Leadership in Cities with Dislocated Cultures

The decline of the manufacturing sector in most cities and the suburbanization of blue-collar employment have been posited as likely explanations for the culture of poverty in American cities (Massey, 1994). Existing literature on inner-city marginality points to the spatial concentration of poor people as a predictor of dysfunctional norms, values, and behaviors that trigger a culture and cycle of social pathology (Mayer 1990). However, the focus of extant literature is on poverty as a causal agent of a dislocated culture, with the discourse focused on how social context influences individual behavior. Given the demographics of underclass neighborhoods, researchers look at the effect of race and the effect of exclusion on neighborhood relationships, defining subculture as synonymous with the sociopathic underclass culture of poor minority families, notably African Americans and Hispanics (Massey, 1994). In the majority of American cities, whites are still the predominant race, and other races are confined to a small number of minority neighborhoods. For example, African Americans constituted 36.8% of the metropolitan Chicago population in 2010, according to the census, and had a poverty rate of 26.4%. Similarly, African Americans constituted 26.6% of the metropolitan New York population in 2010 and had a 28.1% poverty rate. In these cities,